I haven't looked into the detailed mechanics of gold prod too much yet, or at least don't recall specifics. But I agree pop should def be part of the tax levy.
With my 3500 peons and 0 markets I make 2500gp, adding 10 markets I make 6000gp.
On the tick I gained 24 peons and that increased my gp productions by 24. So 1:1 markets seems to yank 1gp per peasant.
With 0 markets and add 3000 peons, it doesn't seem to change my base gp production, still around 2500.
If I have 0 markets and 1 peon gp production stays at the base level.
Also tested 0 buildings, 0 castle, 1 peon, gp remains at base level.
So it appears currently we need markets to get any gp from peons.
I don't currently seem to have a problem with gp production, but also haven't gone into military building yet, so idk if it will get really bad.
Maybe we should start with a modest boost of .1gp per peon. That would be the equivalent of 1:10 market ratio. At least that's something, then as we progress we can get a feeling for how gold resources are for everyone - do we all feel poor, or not.