Lord Thane is the old formula not compelling enough? I’m failing to see the overall direction here, it seems like we keep going back to the same point. Which is, “the game is like this now, it was like something different before, but we are having issues with this thing we have now” so why not revert? Markets can still be impactful if we want them to be, you make pop base lower and the multiplyer higher like this
Pop * x * markets / land * y + some castle bonus and a constant if we want.
You could implement and make changes on the fly, maybe there’s a bilinnial distribution for markets per land, maybe “pop” is not just a number of your population but a function of population, homes, markets and land. Maybe.